Efecto del estrés físico y el calentamiento global sobre gasterópodos marinos de costas rocosas patagónicas
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2019
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Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Departamento de Biología General
Resumen
Todos los sistemas marinos costeros son vitales, tanto ecológicamente como por su aporte socioeconómico. En la Argentina, el sistema costero Patagónico alberga una gran biodiversidad, que sostiene una alta productividad y es el sustento trófico de muchos vertebrados marinos. Dentro de los sistemas intermareales, se encuentran ensambles de invertebrados que se exponen a un gradiente de condiciones físicas durante cada ciclo de marea. Las poblaciones de gasterópodos que tienen una distribución tanto inter como submareal, se encuentran expuestos a diferentes tipos de estrés ambiental modelando distintas respuestas adaptativas.
Sin embargo, el calentamiento climático global a través de las modificaciones predichas en las condiciones físicas, tales como la acidificación y el aumento de la temperatura del mar, pueden afectar a las comunidades de invertebrados marinos.
Una adaptación que tienen muchos organismos marinos, es presentar variaciones de forma y tamaño del cuerpo para hacer frente a estas presiones ambientales.
Fisiológicamente también se desarrollaron defensas contra perturbaciones físicas, un ejemplo está dado por las proteínas de choque térmico (Hsp). Un grupo conservado de proteínas, que actúan como chaperonas manteniendo la estabilidad molecular de las proteínas celulares. Cada organismo expuesto a estrés sintetiza rápidamente proteínas de choque térmico, las cuales determinan la distribución que podrá tener dicho organismo en el intermareal. Para poder evidenciar y predecir el grado de estrés físico y la tolerancia a escenarios futuros que tendrían los moluscos, uno de los grupos más diversos de los ensambles intermareales, se plantea como objetivo de esta tesis: estudiar las respuestas morfológicas y fisiológicas de dos especies de gasterópodos marinos que habitan sitios con distintos niveles de estrés físico ambiental en las costas de Norpatagonia y evaluar los posibles efectos bajo un escenario de cambio climático global. Se trabajó con una especie herbívora de desarrollo indirecto Tegula patagonica y otra carnívora de desarrollo directo Trophon geversianus. Inicialmente, se analizó el estrés ambiental a lo largo de diferentes inter y submareales habitados por dichas especies, dentro de un gradiente latitudinal. Posteriormente, se estudió el patrón de variación morfológica de las especies, mediante el uso de morfometría geométrica y clásica. Se comparó la variación en la micro escala (inter y submareal) y macroescala (entre los sitios en un gradiente latitudinal) geográfica.
Complementariamente, se determinó el grado de estrés fisiológico basal presente en los ejemplares de cada sitio, determinando la expresión de proteínas Hsp70 mediante la técnica de Western blot. Finalmente, se seleccionó la especie de desarrollo directo que se encuentra en abundancia tanto en el inter como en el submareal ( T. geversianus), para evaluar experimentalmente los efectos fisiológicos y morfológicos en un escenario de calentamiento climático. Se trabajó con adultos del inter y submareal, determinando la tasa de síntesis de Hsp70 frente al incremento de temperatura esperado para el 2100. Por otro lado, se recolectaron ovicápsulas del submareal y se las expuso a distintas temperaturas para evaluar su cambio de forma al eclosionar. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el nivel de estrés físico entre las localidades relacionadas principalmente con la latitud y la geomorfología de cada costa. La localidad de mayor estrés físico fue la costa expuesta a mar abierto, ubicada en una latitud media. La localidad con un nivel medio de estrés, presentó el mayor número de especies en su ensamble intermareal.
Analizando la forma de la concha, se encontró que T. geversianus presentó menor variación que T. patagonica, pero estructurada en función al sitio y los niveles de donde provenían. En cada caso la influencia de las escalas fue diferente, T.
geversianus mostró una gran separación en forma en una micro escala, corroborando la presencia de dos ecomorfotipos para esta especie en el Golfo Nuevo y ampliando su ocurrencia a las otras localidades muestreadas. A macroescala se encontró un patrón de variación latitudinal, evidenciándose una menor variación en forma entre los submareales. En cambio, T. patagonica no presentó diferencias a microescala y sí a macroescala aunque sin un patrón latitudinal. En el análisis fisiológico, se encontró un perfil de expresión distinto de Hsp70 entre las dos especies. Para T. geversianus, el factor de estrés diferencial entre niveles fue determinante para la expresión de Hsp70, registrándose los valores más elevados en el intermareal. Al comparar la expresión entre distintos intermareales en diferentes épocas del año, se observó que en dicha especie se mantuvo un elevado nivel de expresión durante el verano y el invierno en los lugares de mayor viento y oleaje. Por el contrario, en T. patagonica no se observaron diferencias de expresión entre niveles. Solo respondió de manera distinta entre los intermareales en una macro escala, aunque sin un patrón latitudinal. Finalmente, en las experiencias que simularon un escenario de calentamiento climático, los resultados sugieren que frente al incremento de 4 °C en la temperatura previsto para el año 2100, los ejemplares de T. geversianus que habitan el intermareal tendrían menos daño celular que los que habitan en el submareal. Por otro lado, se encontró que T. geversianus presenta plasticidad fenotípica en la etapa de juveniles frente a variaciones en la temperatura.
Discutiendo los resultados obtenidos, se encontró que los gasterópodos estudiados presentaron diferentes adaptaciones al estrés ambiental, relacionadas con las condiciones físicas a las que se encuentran expuestos habitualmente y al sitio de donde provienen. El gasterópodo T. geversianus, presentó adaptaciones fisiológicas y morfológicas diferenciales entre los niveles inter y submareal. Dichas adaptaciones, podrían ser la base de su abundancia en ambientes estresantes como los intermareales en diferentes latitudes. Incluso, frente a un escenario de calentamiento climático global, presenta una plasticidad que le permitiría adaptarse a los cambios esperados. En cambio, T. patagonica, mostró una defensa antiestrés deficiente en términos fisiológicos y morfológicos estudiados. Demostrando que su distribución en la zona baja del intermareal y su mayor abundancia en el submareal, serían los indicadores de una adaptación menos satisfactoria a ambientes estresantes como los intermareales.
All coastal marine systems are vital, both for their ecological and socio-economic contributions. In Argentina, the Patagonian coastal system is home to a great biodiversity, which sustains a high productivity and is the trophic source of many marine vertebrates. Within intertidal systems, diverse groups of invertebrates are exposed to a gradient of physical conditions during each tidal cycle. Inter and subtidal gastropod populations are exposed to different types of environmental stress which are managed by modeling different adaptive responses. However, climate change through predicted changes in physical conditions, such as acidification and sea temperature rise, can specially affect marine invertebrate communities Variations in body shape and size is one adaptation that marine organisms have against environmental pressures. Physiologically, they also developed defenses against physical disturbances, for example the heat shock proteins (Hsp). These are a conserved group of proteins which act as chaperones while maintaining the molecular stability of cellular proteins. Each organism exposed to stress quickly synthesizes heat shock proteins, which in turn determines the distribution that it may have in the intertidal area. In order to demonstrate and predict the degree of tolerance to physical stress and within a future climate change scenario that mollusks would have, one of the most diverse groups of intertidal assemblages, the objective of this thesis is: to study the morphological and physiological responses of two species of marine gastropods that inhabit intertidal sites with different levels of environmental physical stress on the coast of northern Patagonia, and assess the possible effects under a scenario of climate change. The thesis included an herbivorous species of indirect development, Tegula patagonica, and a carnivorous species of direct development, Trophon geversianus. Initially, environmental stress was analyzed along different inter and subtidal areas inhabited by these species in a latitudinal gradient. Subsequently, we used geometric morphometric analyses to study the pattern of morphological variation of the species included. The variations were compared in the micro scale (inter vs. subtidal) and macroscale (between sites in a geographical latitudinal gradient). In addition, the degree of basal physiological stress of the specimens in each site was analyzed by determining the expression of Hsp70 proteins using Western blot techniques. Finally, we selected the most abundant species in the inter and subtidal areas ( T. geversianus) to experimentally assess the physiological and morphological effects in a climate change scenario. We worked with adult specimens and determined the rate of synthesis of Hsp70 against the expected temperature increase for 2100. On the other hand, subtidal eggs were collected and exposed to different temperatures to evaluate their shape change when hatching. Significant differences in the level of physical stress between localities were found and mainly related to latitude and geomorphology of each site. The greatest physical stress was found at the medium-latitude coastal area exposed to the open sea. The medium level stress locality presented the highest number of species in its intertidal assembly. Shell shape l variation was reduced in T. geversianus in comparison with T. patagonica, but structured according to the site and the levels where they came from. Shape variation in T. geversianus was clearly related to a micro scale, thus corroborating the presence of two ecomorphotypes in Golfo Nuevo, and extending its occurrence to the other sampled locations. Then, a latitudinal pattern at a macroscale showedlesser variation in form among the subtides levels. On the other hand, T. patagonica showed shape differences only on a macroscale, although without a latitudinal pattern. In the physiological analyses, different expression profiles ofHsp70 were found between the two species. For T. geversianus, the differential stress factor between levels was correlated to the expression of Hsp70, with the highest values registered at the intertidal levels. When comparing intertidal levels at different times of the year, this species maintained a high level of expression during the summer and winter in those localities with greatest wind and swell. In contrast, T. patagonica showed no differences in Hsp70 expression between levels. The species only responded differently between intertidal levels on a macroscale, although without a latitudinal pattern. Finally, in the experiences that simulated a climate change scenario, the results suggested that the specimens of T. geversianus that inhabit the intertidal would have less cellular damage than those that inhabit the subtidal levels. On the other hand, we found that juvenile T. geversianus presented phenotypic plasticity against variations in temperature. Therefore, gastropods studied in this thesis presented different adaptations to environmental stress, related to the physical conditions of their habitat. The gastropod T. geversianus presented differential physiological and morphological adaptations between inter and subtidal levels. Such adaptations could explain their abundance in stressful environments, such as intertidal areas at different latitudes. Even in the face of a global climate change scenario, T. geversianus presented a phenotypic plasticity that would allow it to adapt better to such expected changes. On the other hand, T. patagonica showed a poor anti-stress defense in the physiological and morphological terms studied in this thesis. Thus, its distribution in the lower zone of the intertidal and its greater abundance in the subtidal area would indicate less satisfactory adaptations to stressful environments.
All coastal marine systems are vital, both for their ecological and socio-economic contributions. In Argentina, the Patagonian coastal system is home to a great biodiversity, which sustains a high productivity and is the trophic source of many marine vertebrates. Within intertidal systems, diverse groups of invertebrates are exposed to a gradient of physical conditions during each tidal cycle. Inter and subtidal gastropod populations are exposed to different types of environmental stress which are managed by modeling different adaptive responses. However, climate change through predicted changes in physical conditions, such as acidification and sea temperature rise, can specially affect marine invertebrate communities Variations in body shape and size is one adaptation that marine organisms have against environmental pressures. Physiologically, they also developed defenses against physical disturbances, for example the heat shock proteins (Hsp). These are a conserved group of proteins which act as chaperones while maintaining the molecular stability of cellular proteins. Each organism exposed to stress quickly synthesizes heat shock proteins, which in turn determines the distribution that it may have in the intertidal area. In order to demonstrate and predict the degree of tolerance to physical stress and within a future climate change scenario that mollusks would have, one of the most diverse groups of intertidal assemblages, the objective of this thesis is: to study the morphological and physiological responses of two species of marine gastropods that inhabit intertidal sites with different levels of environmental physical stress on the coast of northern Patagonia, and assess the possible effects under a scenario of climate change. The thesis included an herbivorous species of indirect development, Tegula patagonica, and a carnivorous species of direct development, Trophon geversianus. Initially, environmental stress was analyzed along different inter and subtidal areas inhabited by these species in a latitudinal gradient. Subsequently, we used geometric morphometric analyses to study the pattern of morphological variation of the species included. The variations were compared in the micro scale (inter vs. subtidal) and macroscale (between sites in a geographical latitudinal gradient). In addition, the degree of basal physiological stress of the specimens in each site was analyzed by determining the expression of Hsp70 proteins using Western blot techniques. Finally, we selected the most abundant species in the inter and subtidal areas ( T. geversianus) to experimentally assess the physiological and morphological effects in a climate change scenario. We worked with adult specimens and determined the rate of synthesis of Hsp70 against the expected temperature increase for 2100. On the other hand, subtidal eggs were collected and exposed to different temperatures to evaluate their shape change when hatching. Significant differences in the level of physical stress between localities were found and mainly related to latitude and geomorphology of each site. The greatest physical stress was found at the medium-latitude coastal area exposed to the open sea. The medium level stress locality presented the highest number of species in its intertidal assembly. Shell shape l variation was reduced in T. geversianus in comparison with T. patagonica, but structured according to the site and the levels where they came from. Shape variation in T. geversianus was clearly related to a micro scale, thus corroborating the presence of two ecomorphotypes in Golfo Nuevo, and extending its occurrence to the other sampled locations. Then, a latitudinal pattern at a macroscale showedlesser variation in form among the subtides levels. On the other hand, T. patagonica showed shape differences only on a macroscale, although without a latitudinal pattern. In the physiological analyses, different expression profiles ofHsp70 were found between the two species. For T. geversianus, the differential stress factor between levels was correlated to the expression of Hsp70, with the highest values registered at the intertidal levels. When comparing intertidal levels at different times of the year, this species maintained a high level of expression during the summer and winter in those localities with greatest wind and swell. In contrast, T. patagonica showed no differences in Hsp70 expression between levels. The species only responded differently between intertidal levels on a macroscale, although without a latitudinal pattern. Finally, in the experiences that simulated a climate change scenario, the results suggested that the specimens of T. geversianus that inhabit the intertidal would have less cellular damage than those that inhabit the subtidal levels. On the other hand, we found that juvenile T. geversianus presented phenotypic plasticity against variations in temperature. Therefore, gastropods studied in this thesis presented different adaptations to environmental stress, related to the physical conditions of their habitat. The gastropod T. geversianus presented differential physiological and morphological adaptations between inter and subtidal levels. Such adaptations could explain their abundance in stressful environments, such as intertidal areas at different latitudes. Even in the face of a global climate change scenario, T. geversianus presented a phenotypic plasticity that would allow it to adapt better to such expected changes. On the other hand, T. patagonica showed a poor anti-stress defense in the physiological and morphological terms studied in this thesis. Thus, its distribution in the lower zone of the intertidal and its greater abundance in the subtidal area would indicate less satisfactory adaptations to stressful environments.
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Palabras clave
GASTEROPODOS, EFECTOS SOBRE EL MEDIO AMBIENTE, CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL, ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS
Citación
Nieto Vilela, Rocío Aimé. (2019). Efecto del estrés físico y el calentamiento global sobre gasterópodos marinos de costas rocosas patagónicas. Tesis de doctorado. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco.